TEMPERATURE AND BAMBOO, WOOD, AND BONE FLUTES

 Musical instruments, in general, are designed to be played at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 24°C, and this includes native instruments as well. In this article, we will discuss bamboo, a preferred material for the construction of native flutes due to its unique vibration.

Bamboo is a highly temperature-sensitive material. Bamboo flutes are designed to be played at the temperatures mentioned above. Bamboo tends to lower its factory tuning by half a step when exposed to cold climates, and conversely, it raises its factory tuning by half a step when exposed to extremely hot climates.

 

Therefore, those who play street music in cities with extreme climates should take this variable into account when selecting the original tuning of their bamboo flutes. In cold climates, if you aim to achieve a tuning of 440Hz, it is recommended to play with a flute whose factory tuning for temperatures of 20°C to 24°C is 445Hz, as the tuning tends to drop by half a step in the cold. In the case of extremely hot climates, the recommendation is the opposite. It is advisable to play with flutes manufactured at 435Hz to achieve a tuning of 440Hz.

 

Generally, the climate does not affect wood flutes in the same way, as their tuning remains unaffected. However, extreme temperature changes can cause cracks in some woods. Woods such as ebony, guayacan, jacaranda, among others, are quite resistant to these changes.

 

Temperature does not play a role in altering the tuning of bone-made quenas. However, in cold climates, temperature fluctuations between the exterior and the interior of the flute when it is being played can lead to cracks in the bone. Therefore, it is recommended to play the quena in a controlled temperature environment.

The 5 Basic Quenas for Professional Wind Musicians: Exploring the Tonalities

 

The quena, an ancestral wind instrument that emanates captivating melodies, has been a cornerstone of Andean music for centuries. Its versatility, beauty, and ability to convey deep emotions make it an essential instrument for professional musicians. In this article, we will explore the 5 basic quenas that every professional wind musician should have in their repertoire, highlighting the tonalities and nuances that each one brings to their music. 

1. Quenacho in C Major

The quenacho in C Major is a fundamental choice for the professional musician. Its tonality allows for the interpretation of songs in D minor and A minor, making it the perfect option for musical pieces with a melancholic, smooth, and relaxing tone. Its deep sound adds a unique richness and depth to compositions. 

2. Quenacho in D Major

The quenacho in D Major is another essential component in the wind musician's repertoire. Although its sound is slightly higher than the quenacho in C Major, it still brings a unique depth to compositions. With the ability to play songs in E minor and B minor, this instrument is perfect for pieces that require a this range of tonalities.

3. Quena in F Major

The quena in F Major is the ideal choice when seeking softer and more delicate sounds. This tonality allows for the interpretation of songs in G minor and D minor, offering a more delicate option for playing melodies that require a special touch. It is perfect for pieces that aim for a soft and emotive nuance. 

4. Quena in G Major: The Favorite and Most Versatile

The quena in G Major is undoubtedly the most commonly used by professional wind musicians. Its versatility allows for playing songs in A minor and E minor naturally, and with skill, it is possible to obtain tonalities in B minor and D minor. The choice of this tonality is essential to accommodate the key in which the singer is performing, making it a crucial element in any musical ensemble. 

5. Quena in A Major: Perfect for Specific Tonalties

Last but not least, the quena in A Major is essential for playing in tonalities such as B minor and F# minor. In certain regions, such as Ecuador, it is widely used to interpret san juanito in B minor, as well as in the Peruvian huayno. This quena is indispensable for preserving the authenticity of specific musical traditions. 

In summary, the choice of quenas for a professional wind musician is a crucial decision. Each tonality offers unique nuances and depth to the music, and the combination of these quenas in the repertoire allows for a versatile and moving performance. An experienced musician knows that they don't just play the quena but also immerse themselves in the essence of each tonality, conveying emotions and stories through music. Each quena is a brush in the hands of an artist, and the choice of these five basic tonalities is essential for painting an exceptional musical canvas.

THE CHARANGO

 

The charango is a stringed musical instrument typical of South America, especially in countries like Bolivia, Peru, and parts of Argentina and Chile. Its origin dates back to the time of the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. It is believed that the charango is an adaptation of pre-existing indigenous instruments, influenced by the arrival of the Spaniards and their guitars.

 The name "charango" comes from the Quechua word "ch'arango" or "charangu," which refers to a type of small guitar. Over the centuries, the charango has evolved and diversified into different regional variants with unique characteristics. It is known for its small body and distinctive bright and high-pitched sound, making it popular in the folk music of the Andean region.

The charango is an essential musical instrument in traditional Andean music, and its history is closely tied to the indigenous culture of the region. Over the years, it has been used in a variety of musical genres, from folk music to contemporary music.

The body of the charango is traditionally made from the shell of an armadillo, although nowadays other materials such as wood or plastic are also used. Currently some countries prohibit the use of armadillo shell for the manufacture of the charango.The strings are made from nylon or animal gut, and the instrument is played using a technique of strumming and fingerpicking.

 

In Andean music, the charango is used to accompany songs and melodies, often in musical ensembles known as "charango groups." Its distinctive sound adds a unique character to Andean music and has been widely embraced throughout Latin America.

Furthermore, the charango has gained international recognition and has been used in various musical fusions, blending elements of traditional Andean music with other genres such as rock and jazz. Its versatility and uniqueness have made it an instrument cherished by both traditional musicians and those looking to experiment with new musical forms.

In summary, the charango is a musical instrument with a rich cultural history in the Andean region of South America and has left a lasting imprint on the continent's music.

IIn the video: Successful Peruvian singer-songwriter: Gianmarco singing and playing his charango.